Self Gravitation Bio

Balance is Law of Life. So keep Balance-That is what Self Gravitation Bio is

selfgravitationbio ♦ July 1, 2015 ♦ 1 Comment

From giant universe to tiny microscopic bacteria, though materials for constitution differs, there is one phenomenon that is common to all – “Balance is the law of life”. In giant star, internal pressure opposes self gravity. Radiant energy generate due to balance between outward internal pressure and inward gravitational pressure- keeps sun shining. In living organism outward metabolic energy opposes inward invisible force of self gravity (as per concept of Self Gravitation Bio). Life continues so long balance is maintained. So “keep balance”- that is the universal rule to survive.

Balance is Law of Life. So keep Balance-That is what Self Gravitation Bio is

Biologists have noticed such balance (positive & negative equilibrium) terming it as homeostatis. Self gravitation bio defines such homeostatis through cross-disciplinary approach viz. positive & negative balance between metabolic energy and self gravitational energy as the ‘life’.

Biological growth means either an increase in number of cells (hyperplasia) or increase in cell size (hypertrophy). Irrespective of expression, growth means increase in mass. However, growth do not occur in uniform arithmetic progression – there is retardation in the percentage increase. The per cent rate of growth is afterwards slowed down in spite of best nutrient supplementation. Say a day one chick in embryo weighs 0.002 grams, on 7th day, it attains 0.57 gram and at day 14 and 20, it attains 9.74 and 30.21 grams respectively. Subsequently at 8 weeks it weighs about 1200 grams. It is still considered a puzzling feature in developmental genetics,‘how does genome appreciate that its activities need to be slowed down after the phenotypic task is over’. To bridge the gap in scientific understanding it is postulated that phenomena is due to building up of critical level of growth limiting substance at particular period of growth. What could be the critical growth limiting factors (and not substance)?Therefore slowing down in the rate of growth by an unknown factor could be explained with the introduction of the concept of self-gravity. Gravitation force increases with increase in Newton’s mass. The gravitational mass is a ‘charge’: an object feels a gravitational force in proportion to its gravitational mass, just as it would feel an electromagnetic force in proportion to its electric charge. There would be an increase in gravitational force, for example, with increase in mass under same distance or under same mass with decrease in distance, even in miniature scale.

Growth and percent rate of growth of chick from day one up to hatching on twenty-first day. There is retardation in percent increases with times. Such retardation in percent increase in growth is common to all gravitating stellar bodies of the universe, where internal pressure opposes self-gravity. With the introduction of the concept of self gravity in biology, such unknown limiting factor can be explained.

Latest research indicates that physical parameters like membrane surface area, pathways and cell size determine cellular growth rate. The increase in growth rate in fast-growing yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus can be explained by a dominant (80%) limitation of growth by the group of membrane processes including membrane surface area. Simultaneous activation of membrane processes may be what is required to accelerate growth of the fastest-growing form of eukaryotic life and may be of potential interest for single-cell protein production. Similarly it was shown that nutrient-dependent pathway and cell size controls growth rate in the Gram-negative bacterium Salmonella typhimurium or Gram-positive model organism Bacillus subtilis. From both these examples of latest research findings, it is clear that membrane surface area, pathways and cell size are those that can be manipulated by a compressive physical force like self gravity could be the major deciding factor for cell growth rate.

Retardation in percent increase in growth is common to all gravitating stellar bodies of the universe, where internal pressure opposes self-gravity. At infant stage, kinetic metabolic energy is higher than potential gravitational energy. At adult stage, there would be equilibrium between kinetic and potential energy. At old age, there would be lesser kinetic metabolic energy and high potential gravitational energy.

Retardation in percent increase in growth is common to all gravitating stellar bodies of the universe, where internal pressure opposes invisible self-gravity. Miniature size of the biological bodies seems do not show hindrance to mimic gravitation phenomena. At infant stage, there would be higher metabolic energy but lesser gravitational energy. At adult stage, there would be equilibrium between metabolic and gravitational energy. At old age, there would be lesser metabolic energy and high gravitational energy. That is with accumulation of mass on passage of time, potential energy of self-gravity would starts dominating over kinetic metabolic energy, thereby limiting/ decreasing membrane surface area, pathways and cell size leading to per cent decrease in growth. Therefore, we can say that adults are in equilibrium between kinetic metabolic and potential gravitational energy where as infant and old are in non-equilibrium stage- former with higher kinetic metabolic energy and lesser potential gravitational energy and later is in its opposite.

For more details see my book: Self Gravity: The Major Investigation Gap in Life Science Self Gravity: The Major Investigation Gap in Life Science or in Journal Webmedcentral.com (a) Self Gravity: The Major Investigation Gap in Life Science (Part I) http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/4279 (b) Self Gravity: The Major Investigation Gap in Life Science (Part II). http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/4296.

Also see: https://selfgravitationbio.wordpress.com/2014/04/24/self-gravitation-bio-some-convincing-evidences-on-astrophysical-principles/

Paper on self gravity during Space life: International Astronautical Federation

selfgravitationbio ♦ January 17, 2015 ♦ Leave a comment

Self Gravity answers why human health glow with hale and hearty look

selfgravitationbio ♦ January 10, 2015 ♦ Leave a comment

1. Generation of ‘muscle tone’ remains elusive in human physiology

Muscle tone or background tensions remain elusive in human physiology. In the book “Fundamentals of Neurophysiology” Robert F. Schmidt pointed out that “Summation of the twitches of many fibers, excited asynchronously at low frequencies up to 5/second, generates a total force that does not fluctuate very much, with amplitude that must be approximately proportional to the average frequency of excitation. The ‘background’ tension produced in this way by summation of the twitches of many fibers is called tone. All the muscles in a living organism possess such tone. Even in a relaxed limb, the motor nerves are activated at low frequency.”  Gray’s Anatomy empirically denies existence of muscle tone, as it doesn’t show up on an electromyography. But Gray’s anatomy admitted that an electromyograph can’t pick up low level, steady-state action unless the motor units immediately adjacent to the contact are firing. It just reads as background noise. Other authors postulate that there is an inherent elasticity in the muscles, and still others talk about muscle tone but don’t have a clear picture of what it is. Interestingly no one denies existence of static and balanced. It is stated that tone works 24 hours a day.  What force would make it functional continuously?  The nerve impulse is primarily an electrical event. Each neuron is like a tiny biological battery ready to be discharged. It requires to be charged constantly. As life process starts with accumulation of mass, upon which force of gravity naturally works for 24 hours without any external inputs. Can it be responsible for subtle tone in a body? Let us examine the issue in little details.

2. ‘Build-up’ & ‘break-down’ mechanisms in living mass

There are two inverse-square central forces such as the gravitational or electrostatic potential. Gravitational fields have the same range as electromagnetic fields. The gravitational field is much weaker than the electromagnetic field. The positive and negative charges of the electromagnetic field tend to compensate each other’s fields. But masses are not compensated for which gravitational force cannot be compensated. However notice to gravitational force gets evaded. But when there could be a difference in the quantity of mass within a span of time, manifestation in the variation of gravitational binding energy1 according to gravitational mass would be spectacular. Let us note that non-living objects have got no ‘build-up’ and ‘break-down’ mechanisms of carbohydrates in mass. It is static mass. In living objects, on the other hand, there is change of mass through ‘build-up’ and ‘break-down’ mechanism of carbohydrates 2. It is a unique character that operates in regular manner in all living objects.  Photosynthesis and respiration are two alternate processes in plants wherein photosynthesis means gain (‘build-up’) in biomass whereas carbohydrates expended during respiration and growth is loss (‘break-down’) of mass per unit area. Adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) plays a central role in ‘build-up’ and ‘break-down’ mechanism process of mass in all living organisms. Thus it can be seen that in non-living matter, mass remains constant whereas in living matters quantity of mass in the form body weight and composition (density) gets changed with the changes in the state of energy in the form of biochemical products and with the gain or release of temperature.

3. Spectacular action of self gravity in muscle tone while living and not when dead

Now let us see what would happen if there is loss and gain in living mass along with time in a self gravitating environment. The change in mass in a membrane bound self gravitating close structured living objects would cause change in gravitational binding energy resulting into a source of potential energy as well as inertia. Metabolic energy primarily acts as source of kinetic energy. This would create a tension within the mass say, in the muscles fibers, vessels etc. making these lengthened followed by shortened, or tight followed by loose, or stretched followed by slack, or firm followed by flaccid, rigid or tautness followed by flexible and so on, as per location and structural anatomy of the particular vessel or muscle. This alternate movement might manifest as beats, or excited asynchronously at low frequencies in addition to increase or decrease in potential gravitational compression and kinetic relaxation energy due to inertia plus metabolic energy. Such variation in the internal pressure due to variation in potential and kinetic energy might be the source of power for giving non-neural background tension or tone to the body. However this would be an interesting area of research for biophysicists.

4. There is no complete loss of tone during paralysis

Let us cite few examples below to show how generation of muscle tone or background tension remains an elusive till date.  Paralysis is the loss or impairment of motor function in a part due to a lesion of the neural or muscular mechanism.  Paralysis is most often caused by damage in the nervous system, especially the spinal cord. It takes about one-thousandth of a second for a neuron to fire an impulse and return to its resting level. Both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons have a constant rate of firing under normal conditions. This is also called their “tone”, but of neural origin.  It maintains the normal rate of heartbeat, keeps blood pressure within a normal range and maintain homeostasis.  Of course, the sympathetic and parasympathetic firing rate changes greatly during fight-or-flight responses. Paralyzed muscle may be flaccid, flabby, and without appreciable tone, or it may be spastic, tight, and with abnormally high tone that increases when the muscle is moved. But most interesting fact is that there is no complete loss of background tone during paralysis. Complete loss of tone is only available with death.

5. Tone is lost after death during pallor mortis and not while living

As per Law of Laplac 3,

T= p x r / (2 x t)                                                                                   (1)

where T= ‘wall tension’, p = pressure, r = radius, t = wall thickness. For a given pressure, increased radius requires increased wall thickness to accommodate a stable ‘wall tension’; also, increased pressure requires increased thickness to maintain a stable ‘wall tension’. The Law of Laplace explains various phenomena encountered in the pathology of vascular or gastrointestinal walls. The ‘wall tension’ is said to represent the muscular tension on the wall of the vessel. But how far it is true? Who controls the ‘wall tension’ is not yet meticulously studied taking into account the presence of self gravity.  Break down of ‘wall tension’ is conspicuous only after death. We will discuss the issue in subsequent paragraphs.

Generally the tone is said to be ‘regulated’ (decreased or increased) by virtue of sympathetic and parasympathetic supply. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) operates without conscious control, relying upon reflex arcs that are dependent upon hypothalamus and medulla for overriding control. Autonomic nerve fibers innervate cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands. Through these fibers the ANS said to play a role in regulating blood pressure and flow, gastrointestinal movements and secretions, body temperature, bronchial dilation, blood glucose levels, metabolism, micturition and defecation,  pupillary light and accommodation reflexes, and glandular secretions, just to name a few. A mechanical engineer will however view in different angle to unearth the word ‘regulation’.

For instance, geared elevator system (lift) works on a number of engineering principles. Electric motor turns the gear that rotates the sheave. A sheave is just a pulley with grooves around the circumference.  Sheave grips the hoist ropes which are connected to counterweight (Illustration 1 left). It is therefore technically wrong to say, elevator is regulated by electrical force. It only regulates gear. Similarly it is incorrect to say that nervous system regulates various human physical activities. Electrostatic nervous system cannot have ‘load’ or ‘weight’ bearing capacity. It can at best act as trigger to propel a part of the mechanical system for lifting of load. It is therefore advisable to understand the mechanical system as a whole to ascertain ‘cause-effect’ relations in life science in better manner. Correspondingly a rescuer can easily drag a drowning person in water by holding his hair or bathing suit. But same thing is not possible in terrestrial environment (Illustration 1 right). Reason is obvious.

 Illustration  1 . Geared elevator system or lift works on a number of engineering principles to carry load and not on simple switch ‘off’ and ‘on’ of electric motors (left). A rescuer can easily drag a drowning person in water by holding his hair (right). But same thing is not possible in terrestrial environment. In a mechanical system, nervous system of electrical origin cannot regulate transmission of load required for human physical activities.

Now let us return back to our original contention.  Within minutes of the heart stopping, a process called pallor mortis 4, blood drains from the smaller veins in the skin. That is its original background tone is lost. Therefore question arises why tone is lost after heart-beating death 5^{, 6} during pallor mortis and not while living? Why nerve impulse fails to act when clinically dead. Loss of tone is related to potential and kinetic energy of mass. This small difference in the pathology of paralysis and death needs thorough investigation.

6. Intrinsic muscle tone is constantly maintained when living but loose after death

We see that intrinsic muscle tone is maintained for 24 hours when living. After death, intrinsic muscle tone is lost. For example, due to the tone in the longitudinal muscle bundles in the gut, the length of the small intestine remains at half while living. After death gut length becomes double, say about 24 ft. During paralysis such an event is rare. At the moment of death, all of the muscles in the body relax, a state called primary flaccidity. Eyelids lose their tension, the pupils dilate, the jaw might fall open, and the body’s joints and limbs are flexible. With the loss of tension in the muscles, the skin will sag, which can cause prominent joints and bones in the body, such as the jaw or hips, to become pronounced.

7. Edema occurs in lowers or dependant parts of the body after death

After 2 to 6 hours of death, external gravity begins to pull blood to the areas of the body closest to the ground, a process called livor mortis. Hypostasis or settling of blood and the dependent edema i.e. fluids in lower or dependent parts of an organ or body occurs after death. Why downward pull towards external direction? Why such severe manifestation of earth’s gravity is not pronounced while living? In fact while living, full tone could be maintained when there is a balance between potential energy of self gravity and kinetic energy of metabolism within self gravitating environment. But with loss of such equilibrium, extrinsic (earth’s) gravity could pull down fluids, blood in the direction of stronger external gravity, as described above and the organism behaves as inert on losing its tone (Illustration 2).

Illustration 2. Schematic diagram shows full tone due to balance between potential energy of self gravity and kinetic energy of metabolism (left). Tone is lost and organism behaves as inert matter out of imbalance between inner potential and kinetic energies when stronger external gravity dominates (right).

8. Intuitive model on generation of ‘background tone’

Muscle tone 7 is usually defined as the amount of contraction in a resting muscle. It is a static, balanced, isometric contraction between agonist and antagonist (both internal forces) in every muscle in the body. It never lets go completely, even in sleep, when all dynamic muscle activity is gone. It operates when one does nothing. Muscle-building exercise elevates tone, can even slam it up considerably, but at whatever level the involvement of contraction, tone still remains static and constant at any given time.

It is argued that between cardiac and flat muscles, flat muscles resist becoming hypertonic. They can’t squeeze off their veins so they can’t encapsulate lactic acid. Cardiac muscle is non-spastic because it can burn lactic acid.  However exhalation and inhalation mechanism is based on thin dome-shaped sheet of muscle of the thoracic diaphragm which is said to be controlled by phrenic  nerve. It is to be remembered that electrostatic nervous system can regulate physiological process but when the question of bearing certain ‘load’, its controlling role would be limited. Therefore unless a mechanism similar to pneumatic system operates, simple nerve impulse cannot control movement of load. This is a gross oversight in life science.

Thoracic diaphragm is kidney shaped in outline and has the ability to contract from its edges towards its center.  Its center  lies horizontally across the body dividing the trunk into two compartments: the thorax (the chest) and the abdomen (the belly). The thorax contains the heart and lungs while the abdomen contains the organs of digestion. Geometrically dome shaped structure is an intercepted arc, center point of which is coinciding somewhere in the imaginary center  of self gravity as per human architecture. Potential energy (compressive) of self gravity contracts the dome shape structure. Kinetic energy decompresses, thereby allowing the dome shape structure to relax. While undertaking both contracting and relaxed condition, it is maintaining a constant angle between radius from the common center and tangents (from intercepted arc), as shown in left side of the illustration (Illustration 3).  Similarly, if tangents are drawn on the circumference (intercepted arc) of the balloon like inflated heart, these will also form constant angles with the radius from the center  of the structure during embryonic stage 8. The alternate ‘half-bulging’ structure in the muscles is available around skeleton in the periphery on one side of a joint and end via a tendon or ligament on another side of the joint, functioned by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. If tangents are drawn over such alternate ‘half-bulging’ intercepted arc, there also constant angles can be seen between tangent and radius drawn from central position, as shown in the middle of the illustration (Illustration 3).  Thus it is apparent that the basic geometrical structure of different organs/ mechanisms in human coincides with the center and related features of potential energy of self gravity (U = mgh) and kinetic energy (E_k = ½ mv²) against it. Manifestation of background low frequency ‘muscle tone’ is the interaction between self gravitational binding (potential) energy and metabolic (kinetic) energy against potential energy. Hence self gravitational potential energy balance 9^{, 10} needs to be worked out in human axisymmetric  configuration structured under stratified density of soft matter or fluids where viscous forces may play to create divergent geometry at early stage of formation.

9. “Balance is the law of life”

Under equilibrium condition between potential and kinetic energy, muscle tone would remain static and balanced from center to periphery. Under non-equilibrium condition, especially due to disproportionate build-up of mass, self gravitational tone or background tension would increase from periphery to the center, leading to various collapse in living mechanism. The close relation between obesity and cardiometabolic  syndrome 11^{, 12} may be cited as an example. Thus we find that “balance is the law of life”, though we are to move with unbalanced potential energy with the kinetic energy.

Illustration 3 Intuitive schematic diagram showing maintenance of constant angle between radius from the common center  and tangents over intercepted arcs from central angle (right) on dome shaped thoracic diaphragm with potential and kinetic energy (left), balloon-like heart at central position and alternate ‘half-bulging’ structure in the skeletal muscles in the periphery with potential and kinetic energy (middle).

It is interesting to note that gravitational waves works like water, sound and electromagnetic waves and is able to carry energy, momentum, and angular momentum from their sources. Very low frequency waves may be impossible to detect but it seems that there is some indirect evidence for its existence. For instance logarithmic spiral 13 is also known as the growth spiral, equiangular spiral or spira mirabilis. The length of the radius goes on increasing with the shell. The logarithmic spiral has the unique property of maintaining a constant angle between the radius and the tangent at any point on the curve (Illustration 4). This spiral is related to Fibonacci numbers, golden ratio, or golden spiral in snails, snakes and others. Unless mechanism of potential energy of self gravity versus kinetic energy of metabolism is not brought into the scenario, formation of logarithmic spirals in nature will continue to remain elusive.

Illustration 4. In logarithmic spiral (left), tangent to any point on the curve maintains constant angle (in red) with the radius. Magnitude of potential energy of self gravity goes on decreasing from center to the periphery whereas higher magnitude of outward kinetic energy (in yellow) could make radius of curvature lengthened (in blue) leading to logarithmic spiral phenomena in various living creatures like snail (right), snake and others.

From all these evidences we can confidently say that potential energy of self gravity and kinetic energy of metabolism are the two diagonally opposite forces work in a living organism or say human body while living. Living organisms could move due to unbalanced kinetic energy working against potential gravitation energy of the self gravity. Under astrophysical principles, equation of hydrostatic equilibrium (first equation) states that Sun (or a star) is held in equilibrium under the opposing forces of self gravity and internal pressures. Self gravity has the tendency to shrink the Sun, whereas internal pressures tend to expand it. The second equation describes how the mass of the Sun is related to the density. The third equation, known as equation of state, connects the pressure to temperature and density. The overall effect of these equations states that Sun works as a sphere of gas with high temperature in the center that progressively decreases outward. The fourth equation describes how the radiation generated in the hot inner regions is progressively absorbed as it moves outward. The energy conversions as per contraction hypothesis of Kelvin and Helmholtz states that self gravitational energy is transformed into kinetic energy and thereafter it is transformed into radiation energy. Thus it is said that the Sun shines because of its self-gravity. Thus we can say that same basic principles of Kelvin-Helmholtz hypothesis that explains solar luminosity, can be applied in living organisms or in human body or in working of the organism/ human health glow with hale and hearty look, though material composition differ between astrophysical and biological bodies.

References:

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate_metabolism

2. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/ptens.html

3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallor_mortis

4. http://www.developmentvet.aun.edu.eg/M_1.pdf

5. Jay Dix and Robert Calaluce. Guide to Forensic Pathology. CRC Press. 1998. 43-46. ISBN 0-8493-0267-6.http://www.gwi-network.com/sites/default/files/ebooks/Guide%20to%20Forensic%20Medicine_.pdf

6. http://www.neurosoma.com/muscletone.html

7. Bradley R. Smith, G. Allan Johnson, Ernest V. Groman, Elwood Linney. Magnetic resonance microscopy of mouse embryos. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA Developmental Biology Vol. 91, pp. 3530-3533, April 1994. http://www.pnas.org/content/91/9/3530.full.pdf

8. Rui Xin Huang and Xingze Jin. 2005. Gravitational Potential Energy Balance for the Thermal Circulation in a Model Ocean. Journal of physical oceanography vol 36. 1420-1429. http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/JPO2914.1

9. Mariusungarish and Herberte. Huppert. Energy balances for propagating gravity currents: homogeneous and stratified ambient. Fluid Mech. (2006), vol. 565, pp. 363–380. doi:10.1017/S0022112006001455. http://www.itg.cam.ac.uk/people/heh/Paper197.pdf

10. Nabil Sulaiman & Dr Dhafir A. Mahmood. Cardiometabolic Syndrome (2)

http://www.bibalex.org/…/DiabetesPPTLectures/Cardiometaboilc%20Syndrom…‎

11. Obesity & Cardiovascular Disease. https://wweb.uta.edu/faculty/cray/…/Section%201%20Review.ppt‎

12. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmic_spira
13. (Read more: Self Gravity: The Major Investigation Gap in Life Science https://www.lap-publishing.com/catalog/details//store/gb/book/978-3-659-42698-8/self-gravity:-the-major-investigation-gap-in-life-science)

2014 in review

selfgravitationbio ♦ December 30, 2014 ♦ Leave a comment

The WordPress.com stats helper monkeys prepared a 2014 annual report for this blog.

Here’s an excerpt:

A San Francisco cable car holds 60 people. This blog was viewed about 330 times in 2014. If it were a cable car, it would take about 6 trips to carry that many people.

On the other hand, ‘Self gravitation bio’ that relate intrinsic gravity in biology, distinguishing ‘self gravity’ from commonly known ‘gravity’ or in terms of physics – ‘mutual gravity’- would put forward contribution towards advancement of human knowledge to evolve simple innovative technologies for sustained knowledge on all living organisms, especially for ‘hale and hearty glow of human health’ not only on terrestrial earth but during human journey in space (microgravity) including distant planets, comets or to any corner of the universe.

Click here to see the complete report.

During Pregnancy Don’t Ignore Buoyant Force of Fluid – Your Self Gravitating kid will die in its absence

selfgravitationbio ♦ November 18, 2014 ♦ 2 Comments

During pregnancy don’t Ignore buoyant force of fluid in mother’s womb– Your Self Gravitating kid will die in its absence. Like Moon being separated from mother Earth, your self gravitating kid is required to be separated/ protected from external stronger gravitational attraction to keep its separate living entity.  Only principles of ‘Self Gravitation Bio’ will provide the correct and reasonable answer which is missing in your text book so far.So understand principles of self gravitation bio.

Amniotic fluid index (AFI) is a rough estimate of the amount of amniotic fluid (1) in mother’s womb and is an index for the fetal well-being. It is said to be a part of the biophysical profile (Illustration 1). AFI is the score (expressed in cm) given to the amount of amniotic fluid seen on pregnant uterus and calculated by a ultrasonograph To determine the AFI, doctors may use a four-quadrant technique 2, 3, when the deepest, unobstructed, vertical length of each pocket of fluid is measured in each quadrant and then added up to the others, or the so called “single deepest pocket” technique (4). The linea nigra is used to divide the uterus into right and left halves. The umbilicus serves as the dividing point for the upper and lower halves. The transducer is kept parallel to the patient’s longitudinal axis and perpendicular to the floor. The deepest, unobstructed, vertical pocket of fluid is measured in each quadrant in centimeters 5. The four pocket measurements are then added to calculate the AFI. An AFI between 8-18 is considered normal. Median AFI level is approximately 14 from week 20 to week 35, when the amniotic fluid begins to reduce in preparation for birth. An AFI < 5-6 is considered as oligohydramnios. The exact number can vary by gestational age. The fifth percentile for gestational age is sometimes used as a cutoff value. An AFI > 20-24 is considered as polyhydramnios. What is the inner purpose of AFI?

When an object is immersed in a liquid, the liquid exerts an upward force, which is known as the buoyant force, that is proportional to the weight of the displaced liquid. The sum force acting on the object, then, is proportional to the difference between the weight of the object (‘down’ force) and the weight of displaced liquid (‘up’ force), hence equilibrium buoyancy is achieved when these two weights (and thus forces) are equal.  Archimedes’ principle indicates that the upward buoyant force that is exerted on a body immersed in a fluid, whether fully or partially submerged, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces. Again Pascal’s law or the principle of transmission of fluid-pressure is a principle in fluid mechanics that states that pressure exerted anywhere in a confined incompressible fluid is transmitted equally in all directions throughout the fluid such that the pressure variations (initial differences) remain the same. Thus depth of amniotic fluid play a vital role of separation between two gravitating bodies – self gravity of kid and mutual gravity of mother vis-a-vis planet where mother remains.

Illustration 1. Neutral buoyancy apparently secludes self gravity of macromolecules from the working of the extrinsic gravity of planet? Measurement of the largest vertical pocket is therefore indispensible for fetal health. Inner purpose of AFI is to track proper seclusion.

Under secluded gravitating environment, nanometer level free fall acceleration would be a tremendous force for femtometer size macromolecules. Let us interpolate and visualize the phenomena with some superimposed data. Literature on neutral buoyant force of amniotic fluid and utero as well as ex utero measurements is scanty. Let us concentrate our attention to the works of Junwu Mu et al (6) who made in vivo quantification of embryonic and placental growth during gestation in mice using micro-ultrasound and pair-wise comparisons of in utero and ex utero measurements. They reported that when gestational age of mice reaches 16.5 days, the non-invasive predictive body weight remains to 0.792 gm in average. The crown-rump length (CRL) and abdominal circumference (AC) was reported to be the function of gestation age (Illustration 2).  The CRL and AC remain to be 16.22 mm and 23.4 mm respectively at that growth stage of mice. The average radius of the fetus can thus be considered to be roughly 9.9 mm.

Illustration 2. Pair-wise comparisons of in utero through ultrasound and ex utero measurements of CRL and abdominal circumference in mice (reproduced from Junwu Mu et al)⁶. .

Neutral buoyancy can apparently reduce the weight of living mass

Let us extend theoretically the fetal weight floating over amniotic fluid on the same principle of loss of brain weight in cerebrospinal fluid. Neutral buoyancy is said to be a condition in which a physical body’s density is equal to the density of the fluid in which it is immersed. This offsets the force of extrinsic gravity that would otherwise cause the object to sink. An object that has neutral buoyancy will neither sink nor rise. The actual mass of the human brain is about 1400 grams; however, the net weight of the brain suspended in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is equivalent to a mass of 25 grams i.e. what is 56 gm in human body will appear to be 1 gram only under neutral buoyant condition of the brain. The brain exists in neutral buoyancy, which allows the brain to maintain its density without being impaired by its own weight, which would cut off blood supply and kill neurons in the lower sections without cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

We know what is 6 kg on earth is 1 kg weight at moon. When a person arrives at moon, he will be acting as per external gravitational force of the moon and not as per that of earth. Accordingly a person when reaches moon feels lighter. A normal weight of a human child at birth is say 3200 gm on earth but at moon its weight would be 531 gm.

Ignoring difference in the value of neutral buoyancy in cerebrospinal and amniotic fluids, due to differential presence of salt and other matters, the neutral buoyant weight of mice embryo of 0.792 gm would appear to be 0.014gm.  The acceleration due to gravity on earth is about 9.8 m/s², whereas at moon it is 1.62 m/s². However, if we calculate acceleration due to (self) gravity in 0.792 gram at 16 days of gestational age of mice with radius 9.9 mm, separated by neutral buoyant force, as provided by  Junwu Mu et al^[6], using standard formula g(s)= GM/R², it comes to be about 5×10^-9 m/s². That is free fall acceleration to the tune of 5 nanometer per second square in a massive body of the planet may be negligible, but in an isolated living mass of the size 9.9 femtometer (9.9×10^-12 meter), acceleration of 5 nm/s² is quite a significant force.

Soccer is being played by all ages. Age wise, playing standard, materials, circumference or weight of ball may differ.  For youth/adult, ball may be of leather having 70 cm circumference and 450 gram weight. For high school level students, circumference and weight of the ball may be reduced to 62 cm and 396 gram respectively. For kids, weight could be less than 100 grams. Everyone will play as per individual capabilities (Illustration 3). Similarly action of self gravity on earth can result an apple to fall on earth, or that of moon can cause a person to move easily when at moon. Similarly free fall acceleration at nanometer level would be tremendous for protein, fat or any macromolecule of femtometer size and should not be overlooked in tiny fetal body within its self gravitating mass. As such importance of operation of neutral buoyancy as amniotic fluid at mammalian level as mechanism for buffering pad to maintain self gravity’s free fall condition is difficult to ignore.

                 Illustration 3. Kids also imitate playing football by the adult

So finally we say that explanation of Dr Seuss on pregnancy (original photo/poem of Manas Spot through facebook) needs modification as shown in the illustration 4.

Illustration 4. Dr Seuss explains pregnancy- sans self gravity

References:  (see more on Self Gravity: The Major Investigation Gap in Life Science https://www.lap-publishing.com/catalog/details//store/gb/book/978-3-659-42698-8/self-gravity:-the-major-investigation-gap-in-life-science)

1. Tom C Winter; Sanders, Roger C. (2006). Clinical Sonography: A Practical Guide. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. p502. ISBN 0-7817-4869-0.

2. http://www.fetalsono.com/teachfiles/Poly.lasso

3. http://www.perinatology.com/Reference/glossary/A/Amniotic%20Fluid%20Index.htm

4. Carr, Phyllis L.; Ricciotti, Hope; Freund, Karen M.; Scott Kahan (2003). In a Page Ob/Gyn & Women’s Health (In a Page). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers. pp. p105. ISBN 1-4051-0380-9.

5. http://www.americanpregnancy.org/pregnancycomplications/lowamnioticfluidoligohydramnios.htm

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Genetic sophistication or morphological variation depends on mass & volume – parameters for self gravity

selfgravitationbio ♦ October 22, 2014 ♦ Leave a comment

Genetic sophistication or morphological variation depends on mass & volume – parameters for self gravity.

Genetic sophistication or morphological variation depends on mass & volume – parameters for self gravity

selfgravitationbio ♦ October 22, 2014 ♦ Leave a comment

Genetic sophistication varies with mass and volume – parameter for self gravity

Genetic sophistication in living organisms is influenced by ‘mass and volume’, a parameter of self-gravity. In bacteria and blue-green algae, the nuclear material is not separated from the cytoplasm by a discrete membrane whereas it is so in majority of multicellular organisms. The entire virus consists primarily of viral genetic material enclosed in a proteinaceous envelope. Viroids, very small particles, appear to consist of genetic material alone and lack enclosing membranes. The prion which is about 100 times smaller than the smallest viruses, contain a spherical shell of protein only. Prion can reproduce in the living cell, yet no DNA or RNA has been found in them.

Morphological variation in living organisms also depends on mass – parameter for self gravity

As per astrophysical principles, solar mass stars (0.3–1.5 solar masses) have ‘radiative’ cores with ‘convective’ envelopes in the outer portion of the star. In massive stars (greater than about 1.5 solar masses), have a radiative envelope. The lowest mass main sequence stars have no radiation zone; the dominant energy transport mechanism throughout the star is convection. Giants are also fully convective 1.
Various transport mechanisms like ‘fountain effect’ and ‘central tendency’ in a star is dependent on the quantity of mass as per gradation of the stars as lower mass, intermediate mass and higher mass. Similarly generation of ‘fountain effect’ and ‘central tendency’ can be observed in the mesoscopic biological world, where materials are mostly soft condensed matter at the formative stage, as happened in post-formative stage of astrophysical bodies like stars.

Various circumstantial evidences support the idea, especially in case of exothermic and endothermic living organisms. Endothermic animals are able to generate their own heat to keep themselves warm while ectothermic animals rely on the sun to keep themselves warm. It is to be noted that between the terminology of physics and biology, people encounter a source of possible confusion because of historical accident. The thermodynamic terms “exothermic” and “endothermic” in physics refer to processes that give out heat energy and processes that absorb heat energy respectively, whereas in biology, the sense is effectively inverted. The metabolic terms “ectothermic” and “endothermic” respectively refer to organisms that rely largely on external heat to achieve a full working temperature, and to organisms that produce heat from within as a major factor in controlling their bodily temperature. An exothermic organism is cold- blooded and shifts in it’s body temperature depending upon the temperature of its surrounding environment, for example a fish. An endothermic organism is a warm blooded organism that maintains a certain temperature inside the body, no matter what its surrounding environments temperature is, for example humans.

So the issue of thermal convection as internal energy transport mechanism in living world based on mass deserves thorough study. In Illustration 1, we have tried (through arbitrarily pictorial means) to establish internal energy transport mechanism in living world, categorizing frog as higher mass, butterfly as intermediate mass and bacteria, amoeba as lower mass, considering convective transport mechanism from high density to low density as warmer and from low density to high density mass as cooler.

Illustration 1. Convective transport mechanism from high density to low density leads variation in internal structure and morphological symmetry. For instance frog has higher mass, butterfly intermediate and bacteria or amoeba have lower mass. In organism having smaller mass, there is no ‘fountain effect’- only ‘central tendency’ in overall structure, but in organism with intermediate mass there is fountain effect as well as central tendency. Thus it is evident that genetic sophistication or morphological variation depends on mass and volume or in other words, density – the prime parameter of operation of self gravity.